Module 8 - Basic Spatial Analysis

ANNOUNCEMENTS

none

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define spatial analyses
2. Discuss the flow of input, operations and output when performing spatial analyses
3. Define spatial scope and list 3 common ways spatial scope is characterized.
4. Describe selection operations.
5. Describe set algebra
6. Describe Boolean algebra
7. List and describe several commonly used spatial selection operations
8. Define classification
9. Define dissolve. Why might dissolve be used?
10. Describe several proximity functions discussed in the book. Specifically describe all aspects of buffering
11. Discuss the overlay operations described in the book.

TERMS TO KNOW

• spatial data analysis
• spatial operations or spatial functions
• spatial scope
• local operations
• neighborhood operations
• global operations
• selections operations
• on-screen query
• set algebra
• Boolean algebra
• adjacency
• containment
• classification
• reclassification or recoding
• binary classification
• equal-interval classification
• equal-area classification
• natural-breaks classification
• dissolve
• proximity functions
• buffering
• fixed distance buffering
• compound buffering
• nested or multi-ring buffering
• variable distance buffering
• overlay operations
• clip
• intersect
• union

CLASS DISCUSSION / READING

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 9 - Basic Spatial Analysis - GET THE POWERPOINT SUPPLEMENT HERE - refresh page if it does not download

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES

Getting to Know ArcGIS - Chapter - Chapter 10 Selecting Features by Location
Getting to Know ArcGIS - Chapter - Chapter 11 Preparing Data for Analysis
Getting to Know ArcGIS - Chapter - Chapter 12 Analyzing Spatial Data <== we probably won't get to this one!

Test 2 Study Guide

The test will cover chapters 4,6,7, and 8 in Bolstad and concepts from labwork (no hands on)

This document is to be used as a “guide” to studying for the test. Please refer to the book, review questions, lectures, and notes. Understand the overall concepts that these questions address. To best study for this test, fill out all the answers in the document and then use them to study. The test may be short answers, multiple choices, true/false and fill in the blank. The test will be designed to be completed in about 1 hour.

Get the study guide here. Refresh page if you are not taken to the download page.

Thanks to Greg Dobson for most of this study guide. Slightly modified by me.

Module 7 - Attribute Data and Tables

ANNOUNCEMENTS

none

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe the difference between a database and a database management system
2. Describe the basic database components and characteristics
3. Distinguish between physical, logical and conceptual database structures
4. Compare and contrast non-relational and relational databases
5. Perform queries based on attribute information
6. Discuss the normal forms in database design
7. Describe object-relational data models
8. Discuss current and future trends in spatial DBMS

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• Database Management System (DBMS)

data independence

multiple user views

centralized control and maintenance

data items or attributes

entity

instance

record

row

file

relational table

server

clients

multi-tiered architecture

transaction manager

applications server

schema

entity-relationship diagram

conceptual database design

logical database design

physical design

parent

children

relations

relational algebra

restrict

project

union

intersection

difference

product

join

divide

table query

AND

OR

NOT

normal forms

primary key

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 8 - Attribute Data and Tables - GET THE POWERPOINT SUPPLEMENT HERE - refresh page if it does not download

Read the chapter but study the powerpoint for the test

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES)

7A) Getting to Know ArcGIS - Chapter 8 - Querying Data
7B) Getting to Know ArcGIS - Chapter 9 - Joining and relating tables

Module 6 - Aerial and Satellite Images - Remote Sensing

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe several positive attributes of remotely-sensed images as data sources.
2. Describe the electromagnetic energy spectrum and it's principle wavelength regions.
3. Define photogrammetry.
4. Discuss passive versus active remote-sensing systems
5. Discuss large and small format scanners in relation to aerial photography. Advantages and disadvantages/
6. List the basic components of a camera used for taking aerial photographs
7. List the sources of geometric distortion in aerial photographs. Which are minor sources and which are minor? Why?
8. Describe photointerpetation
9. Georeference an image
10. Create a geodatabase
11. Define spatial reference
12. Create a feature class
13. Create features by heads-up digitizing

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TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• remotely-sensed
• large area coverage
• extended spectral range
• geometric accuracy
• permanent record
• wavelength
• electromagnetic energy
• electromagnetic spectrum
• passive systems
• active systems
• image scale
• extent
• image resolution
• photogrammetry
• emulsions
• developer
• stop bath
• fixer
• panchromatic
• true color
• infrared films
• contras
• diaphragm
• shutter
• optical axis
• focal plane data strip
• large-format
• small-format
• fiducials
• motorized film advancement
• image motion compensation
• charge coupled device (CCD)
• cartometric or orthographic
• perspective view
• terrain distortion
• tilt distortion
• relief displacement
• atmospheric distortion
• stereopair
• stereo photographic coverage
• endlap
• sidelap
• parallax
• stereomodel
• geometic correction
• orthophotographs
• softcopy
• minimum mapping unit (mmu)

Lab - Georeferencing, creating and editing features

• georeference
• world-file
• control points
• links
• target data
• transformation
• geodatabase
• attribute
• feature class
• heads-up digitize
  

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READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 6 - Aerial and Satellite Images - PowerPoint Supplement - refresh page if download does not begin

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ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES)

Georeferencing, creating and editing data

Module 5 - Data Sources and Data Entry

INTRODUCTION

Spatial data entry and editing can be the most expensive, time consuming and important of all GIS operations. Take the time and care to do this part well because the data is the foundation for everything you will do with your GIS.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss hard copy and digital forms of spatial data
2. Describe how spatial data are commonly entered to the computer
3. Describe several different types of maps
4. Discuss small scale versus large scale
5. Why are data generalized and what are some typical ways these generalizations occur?
6. Describe the digitizing: coordinate capture process
7. Describe coordinate surveying
8. Discuss metadata and it's importance to GIS

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• hard copy
• digital
• cartometric
• insets
• map scale
• graticule
• grids
• feature maps
• choropleth maps
• dot-density maps
• isopleth maps (contour maps)
• large scale
• small scale
• map generalization
• feature generalization
  • simplified
  • omitted
  • fused
  • displaced
  • exaggerated
• registration
• digitizing
• manual digitizing
  • on-screen digitizing (heads-up)
  • hardcopy digitizing
• minimum distance
• undershoots / overshoots
• node / line snapping
• snap tolerance / snap distance
• spline
• scan digitizing
• editing
• rubbersheeting
• coordinate surveying
• coordinate geometry
• bearings
• coordinate transformation
• control points
• resampling
• metadata

Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• editor toolbar
• sketch tool
• edit task
• target layer
• snapping environment
• auto complete polygon
• map topology

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 4 - Data Sources and Data Entry - Get the PowerPoint supplement here

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARING EXERCISES)

Getting to Know ArcGIS : Chapter 15 - Creating Features
Getting to Know ArcGIS : Chapter 16 - Editing Features and Attributes

*** Check the errata for the book on these chapters. There are updates.

SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES

Check out these data sources ...

Module 4 - Digital Data

INTRODUCTION

There is an abundance of GIS data available in digital format for many parts of the world. Much of this data has been created by local, state, and federal governments to support their basic public services such as safety, health, transportation, water and energy. Spatial data is also required for disaster planning and management, national defense and more.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss why many state and local governments create digital GIS data
2. List the 3 general forms digital data are typically provided
3. Discuss why it is so difficult to create data sets at a global scale
4. List 2 datasets that are available at a global scale
5. Describe the primary goal of the Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure (GSDI)
6. Define the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
7. Discribe Digital Raster Graphics (DRG's)
8. Describe Digital Line Graphs (DLG's)
   
9. Describe Digital Elevation Models (DEM's)
10. Describe National Elevation Dataset (NED)
11. Describe Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ's)
12. Discuss the primary types of hydrologic data available
13. Describe the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)
14. Describe the types of digital soils data available in the United States
15. Describe the types of flood plain data available.
16. Describe the digital census data available today
17. Describe the National Land Cover Data (NLCD)

TERMS TO KNOW

• Digital data
• AVHRR
• MODIS
• NASA
• Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure (GSDI)
• Global Map
• United States Geological Survey (USGS)
• National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
• National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse (NGDC)
• USGS National Map
• Digital Raster Graphics (DRG's)
• Digital Line Graphs (DLG's)
• Digital Elevation Models (DEM's)
• National Elevation Data (NED)
• LIDAR
• Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
  
• Hydrography
• Hypsography
• Tiles 1:24000 USGS quadrangle data
  
• Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ's)
• National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD)
• Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
• National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
• National Soil Geography (NATSGO)
• State Soil Geographic (STATSGO)
• Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO)
• United States Census Bureau
• Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER)
• National Land Cover Data (NLCD)

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 7 - Digital Data - Get the PowerPoint supplement here.

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES)

• Complete the 2 exercises from Mastering ArcGIS. See handouts from class.
  

Module 3 - Geodesy, Map Projections, and Coordinate Systems

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Test next week - Friday September 14th, 2007. Chapters 1 - 3 Paul Bolstad and anything else we've discussed and covered.

• DOWNLOAD THE STUDY GUIDE - press F5 to refresh the screen if the file does not download

INTRODUCTION

Another fundamental concept that effects everything we do is that the earth is round ( or close to it ...) and maps are usually flat. This means we have to make a mathematically transformation of every point on the hypothetical earth to the flat map. This is called a map projection. We will cover this and other related topics this week.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define geodesy
2. Define map projection
3. Describe some of the early measurements of the earth's shape and size.
4. Describe why a map projection is important ot cartography
5. List commonly used map projections
6. Describe some ways the early the circumference of the earth has been estimated
7. Explain what a datum is used for
8. Describe geographic coordinates
9. List the 3 comon projection surfaces
10. Describe the Universal Transverse Mercator
11. Describe the State Plane Coordinate system

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• geodesy
• map projection
• Erathosthenes
• zenith angle
• ellipsoid
• spheroid
• geoid
• latitude
• longitude
• magnetic north
• geographic north
• datum
• datum adjustment
• developable surface
• great circle
• standard parallels
• datum transformation

Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• Spatial Reference
• Project on the fly
• geographic coordinate system
• projected coordinate system
• defining a projection

SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES

ESRI 'live' Training Seminar - *** this seminar was recorded at an earlier date ***

Working with Map Projections and Coordinate Systems in ArcGIS

READING ASSIGNMENT

For next week lecture and class - GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 4 - Data Sources and Entry

CLASS DISCUSSION

Chapter 3 - PowerPoint - press F5 to refresh if the file does not download

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE

Lab: Getting to Know ArcGIS

• Chapter 13 - Projecting Data in ArcMap