Module 6 - Aerial and Satellite Images - Remote Sensing

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe several positive attributes of remotely-sensed images as data sources.
2. Describe the electromagnetic energy spectrum and it's principle wavelength regions.
3. Define photogrammetry.
4. Discuss passive versus active remote-sensing systems
5. Discuss large and small format scanners in relation to aerial photography. Advantages and disadvantages/
6. List the basic components of a camera used for taking aerial photographs
7. List the sources of geometric distortion in aerial photographs. Which are minor sources and which are minor? Why?
8. Describe photointerpetation
9. Georeference an image
10. Create a geodatabase
11. Define spatial reference
12. Create a feature class
13. Create features by heads-up digitizing

---

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• remotely-sensed
• large area coverage
• extended spectral range
• geometric accuracy
• permanent record
• wavelength
• electromagnetic energy
• electromagnetic spectrum
• passive systems
• active systems
• image scale
• extent
• image resolution
• photogrammetry
• emulsions
• developer
• stop bath
• fixer
• panchromatic
• true color
• infrared films
• contras
• diaphragm
• shutter
• optical axis
• focal plane data strip
• large-format
• small-format
• fiducials
• motorized film advancement
• image motion compensation
• charge coupled device (CCD)
• cartometric or orthographic
• perspective view
• terrain distortion
• tilt distortion
• relief displacement
• atmospheric distortion
• stereopair
• stereo photographic coverage
• endlap
• sidelap
• parallax
• stereomodel
• geometic correction
• orthophotographs
• softcopy
• minimum mapping unit (mmu)

Lab - Georeferencing, creating and editing features

• georeference
• world-file
• control points
• links
• target data
• transformation
• geodatabase
• attribute
• feature class
• heads-up digitize
  

---

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 6 - Aerial and Satellite Images - PowerPoint Supplement - refresh page if download does not begin

---

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES)

Georeferencing, creating and editing data

Module 5 - Data Sources and Data Entry

INTRODUCTION

Spatial data entry and editing can be the most expensive, time consuming and important of all GIS operations. Take the time and care to do this part well because the data is the foundation for everything you will do with your GIS.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss hard copy and digital forms of spatial data
2. Describe how spatial data are commonly entered to the computer
3. Describe several different types of maps
4. Discuss small scale versus large scale
5. Why are data generalized and what are some typical ways these generalizations occur?
6. Describe the digitizing: coordinate capture process
7. Describe coordinate surveying
8. Discuss metadata and it's importance to GIS

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• hard copy
• digital
• cartometric
• insets
• map scale
• graticule
• grids
• feature maps
• choropleth maps
• dot-density maps
• isopleth maps (contour maps)
• large scale
• small scale
• map generalization
• feature generalization
  • simplified
  • omitted
  • fused
  • displaced
  • exaggerated
• registration
• digitizing
• manual digitizing
  • on-screen digitizing (heads-up)
  • hardcopy digitizing
• minimum distance
• undershoots / overshoots
• node / line snapping
• snap tolerance / snap distance
• spline
• scan digitizing
• editing
• rubbersheeting
• coordinate surveying
• coordinate geometry
• bearings
• coordinate transformation
• control points
• resampling
• metadata

Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• editor toolbar
• sketch tool
• edit task
• target layer
• snapping environment
• auto complete polygon
• map topology

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 4 - Data Sources and Data Entry - Get the PowerPoint supplement here

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARING EXERCISES)

Getting to Know ArcGIS : Chapter 15 - Creating Features
Getting to Know ArcGIS : Chapter 16 - Editing Features and Attributes

*** Check the errata for the book on these chapters. There are updates.

SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES

Check out these data sources ...

Module 4 - Digital Data

INTRODUCTION

There is an abundance of GIS data available in digital format for many parts of the world. Much of this data has been created by local, state, and federal governments to support their basic public services such as safety, health, transportation, water and energy. Spatial data is also required for disaster planning and management, national defense and more.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss why many state and local governments create digital GIS data
2. List the 3 general forms digital data are typically provided
3. Discuss why it is so difficult to create data sets at a global scale
4. List 2 datasets that are available at a global scale
5. Describe the primary goal of the Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure (GSDI)
6. Define the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
7. Discribe Digital Raster Graphics (DRG's)
8. Describe Digital Line Graphs (DLG's)
   
9. Describe Digital Elevation Models (DEM's)
10. Describe National Elevation Dataset (NED)
11. Describe Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ's)
12. Discuss the primary types of hydrologic data available
13. Describe the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI)
14. Describe the types of digital soils data available in the United States
15. Describe the types of flood plain data available.
16. Describe the digital census data available today
17. Describe the National Land Cover Data (NLCD)

TERMS TO KNOW

• Digital data
• AVHRR
• MODIS
• NASA
• Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure (GSDI)
• Global Map
• United States Geological Survey (USGS)
• National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
• National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse (NGDC)
• USGS National Map
• Digital Raster Graphics (DRG's)
• Digital Line Graphs (DLG's)
• Digital Elevation Models (DEM's)
• National Elevation Data (NED)
• LIDAR
• Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
  
• Hydrography
• Hypsography
• Tiles 1:24000 USGS quadrangle data
  
• Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQ's)
• National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD)
• Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
• National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
• National Soil Geography (NATSGO)
• State Soil Geographic (STATSGO)
• Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO)
• United States Census Bureau
• Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER)
• National Land Cover Data (NLCD)

READING ASSIGNMENT

GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 7 - Digital Data - Get the PowerPoint supplement here.

ASSIGNMENTS (ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES)

• Complete the 2 exercises from Mastering ArcGIS. See handouts from class.
  

Module 3 - Geodesy, Map Projections, and Coordinate Systems

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Test next week - Friday September 14th, 2007. Chapters 1 - 3 Paul Bolstad and anything else we've discussed and covered.

• DOWNLOAD THE STUDY GUIDE - press F5 to refresh the screen if the file does not download

INTRODUCTION

Another fundamental concept that effects everything we do is that the earth is round ( or close to it ...) and maps are usually flat. This means we have to make a mathematically transformation of every point on the hypothetical earth to the flat map. This is called a map projection. We will cover this and other related topics this week.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define geodesy
2. Define map projection
3. Describe some of the early measurements of the earth's shape and size.
4. Describe why a map projection is important ot cartography
5. List commonly used map projections
6. Describe some ways the early the circumference of the earth has been estimated
7. Explain what a datum is used for
8. Describe geographic coordinates
9. List the 3 comon projection surfaces
10. Describe the Universal Transverse Mercator
11. Describe the State Plane Coordinate system

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• geodesy
• map projection
• Erathosthenes
• zenith angle
• ellipsoid
• spheroid
• geoid
• latitude
• longitude
• magnetic north
• geographic north
• datum
• datum adjustment
• developable surface
• great circle
• standard parallels
• datum transformation

Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• Spatial Reference
• Project on the fly
• geographic coordinate system
• projected coordinate system
• defining a projection

SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES

ESRI 'live' Training Seminar - *** this seminar was recorded at an earlier date ***

Working with Map Projections and Coordinate Systems in ArcGIS

READING ASSIGNMENT

For next week lecture and class - GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 4 - Data Sources and Entry

CLASS DISCUSSION

Chapter 3 - PowerPoint - press F5 to refresh if the file does not download

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE

Lab: Getting to Know ArcGIS

• Chapter 13 - Projecting Data in ArcMap

How to: Export a map to a .jpg (image)

For every exercise we do this semester, you will export your map to an image and then upload it to your blog so I can track your work. The following is a short demonstration on how to do this.

Module 2 - Data Models / ArcCatalog / Geodatabases

INTRODUCTION

When using a GIS, we work with abstractions of reality. The spatial data models are simplified representations of the world that suppport map display, querying, editing and analysis in a GIS. Data models are at the foundation of everything with do with a GIS.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe how GIS represent the reality.
2. Explain why coordinates are important in data models.
3. Describe the two distinct types of data used to define cartographic objects.
4. List several examples of things that could be represented in thematic layers.
5. Describe the difference between cartesian coordinate systems and sperical coordinate systems.
6. Describe the different attribute categories
7. Describe the vector data model
8. Describe the raster data model
9. Describe the spaghetti data model
10. Describe the advantages of using a topological data model
11. Describe the relationship between vector features and attributes
12. List some advantages and disadvantages of the vector and raster data models
13. Describe Triangulated Irregular Networks
14. Define object data model
15. List common formats for spatial data
16. Describe what ArcCatalog is used for
17. Utilize ArcCatalog of managing spatial data

TERMS TO KNOW

Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• entities or phenomena
• spatial feature
• cartographic object
• data model
• coordinates
• thematic layers
• cartesian coordinate system
• orthogonal
• spherical coordinate system
• attributes
• nominal
• ordinal
• interval / ratio
• vector
• spaghetti data model
• topological data model
• topology
• planar topology
• raster
• cells
• cell dimension
• continuous
• discrete
• triangulated irregular network (TIN)
• digital elevation model (DEM)
• object data model
• data format

Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• ArcCatalog
• catalog tree
• connect to folder
• file extension
• geodatabase
• feature class
• layer file
• shapefile

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE

Lab: Getting to Know ArcGIS

• Chapter 4 - Exploring ArcCatalog
• Chapter 14 - Building Geodatabases
  

READING ASSIGNMENT

For next week lecture and class - GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 3 - Geodesy, Projections, and Coordinate Systems

HOMEWORK

Not

STUDY QUESTIONS

GIS Fundamentals, pp. 64-65 (do not do the coordinate conversion table)

Module 1 - Getting started / Chapter 1 - GIS Fundamentals

INTRODUCTION

Welcome to GIS 111 - Introduction to GIS. This semester we'll be looking a broad range of GIS characteristics, functions, and applications. This class will not go deep into any one topic but rather will touch on many subjects related to the heart of GIS. It's a great technology that can be a lot of fun to utilize so let's get started!

OUTLINE

• Class introductions
• Syllabus / Course expectations
• Discussion - Introduction to GIS - using textbooks
• GIS websites and examples
• Resources to learn GIS
• Introduce and demo ArcGIS
• Create Google Accounts / create blogs
• Active learning Exercise - i.e. lab

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define GIS
2. Define GISci
3. Describe the major components of a GIS
4. Describe the difference between Geographic Information Systems and Geographic Information Science
5. Explain why we need GIS
6. List several applications of GIS
7. List several commercial GIS software products
8. Describe ArcMap
9. Describe ArcCatalog
10. Open a map document
11. Navigate the map in ArcMap using the tools toolbar
12. View properties of a layer in ArcMap
13. Utilize the measure tool in ArcMap
14. Generate statistics from a layer in ArcMap

TERMS TO KNOW

-Lecture - GIS Fundamentals

• GIS
• spatial information
• ubiquitous
• data entry
• editing
• data management
• analysis
• output

-Lab - Getting to Know ArcGIS

• ArcGIS
• layers
• features
• shape
• size
• surfaces
• attributes
• spatial relationships
• table of contents

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE - LAB WORK

• GTKArcGIS - Chapter 3 - Exploring ArcMap

** post to you blog - map from page 29 / step 20

** post to your blog - map from page page 38 / step 18

READING ASSIGNMENT

**normally, you will do the assigned reading before the class. For next week, you will need to read what we covered in class today and what we will cover next week.

• GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 1 - (PowerPoint available)
• GTKArcGIS - Chapter 1 and Chapter 2
• GIS Fundamentals - Chapter 2 -Data Models - next weeks topic

HOMEWORK

Create a blog for this class at http://www.blogger.com/. If you have a Gmail account, you can use it to log in to Blogger. If you don't have a Gmail account, you will have to create an account with Blogger. REMEMBER YOUR USERNAME. REMEMBER YOUR PASSWORD. REMEMBER YOUR BLOG ADDRESS! WRITE THEM ALL DOWN.

1. Go to http://www.blogger.com
2. Click on create a new blog
3. CThe first step will be to reate an account (on blogger) using a valid email address
4. Pick a title - this can be anything and does not have to be unique (someone else can have the same title). This can be changed later.
   
5. Pick a URL (web address) for the blog. This will be http://SomeThingYouChoose.blogspot.com. Where SomethingYouChoose must be unique - i.e. no one else can have the same address.
6. Pick a template - this can be changed at any time if you don't like the one you pick
   
7. Make a post summarizing our first class.
8. If you want to see some past student blogs ... see the side links on this blog.
   

STUDY QUESTIONS

GIS Fundamentals - page 23